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Table 1 Characteristics of patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy, by coronavirus 2019 disease status and anticoagulation strategy

From: Continuous renal replacement therapy in COVID-19—associated AKI: adding heparin to citrate to extend filter life—a retrospective cohort study

Characteristic COV −  COV +  p
ACD-A only ACD-A only ACD-A + UH
(n = 50) (n = 64) (n = 124)
Age, years, median (IQR) 54.3 (42.1–62.9) 64.5 (53.1–70.7) 63.6 (54.3–70.8) < 0.001
Male sex, % 68 83 70 0.118
White, % 62 63 68 0.620
BMI > 30 kg/m2, % 4 27 24 0.005
Hypertension, % 46 69 64 0.034
Diabetes, % 22 45 45 0.012
Mechanical ventilation* % 78 98 95 < 0.001
PaO2/FiO2 ratio*,a, median (IQR) 340 (254–408) 165 (110–252) 160 (105–195) < 0.001
Vasopressor use,* % 76 92 93 0.004
Serum creatinine,* mg/dl, median (IQR) 4.57 (3.15–6.55) 5.12 (3.78–6.20) 5.11 (3.56–7.15) 0.644
Serum BUN,* mg/dl, median (IQR) 76.4 (56.5–102) 103 (78.0–130) 102 (73.5–121) 0.003
Total bilirubin,*,b mg/dl, median (IQR) 0.73 (0.31–2.11) 0.48 (0.35–0.76) 0.49 (0.30–0.76) 0.111
Hemoglobin,* g/dl, median (IQR) 8.90 (8.10–10.7) 9.90 (8.00–12.6) 9.95 (8.38–11.7) 0.246
Leukocytes,* 103/mm3, median (IQR) 15.5 (9.11–20.5) 15.1 (11.6–22.1) 18.8 (12.6; 25.9) 0.028
Platelets,* 103/mm3, median (IQR) 194 (100–326) 262 (135–364) 304 (201–365) 0.006
D-dimer closest to CRRT initiation,c ng/ml, median (IQR) N/A 6636 (4244–14,020) 5554 (1833–13,968) 0.254
D-dimer closest to filter clotting event,†,d ng/ml, median (IQR) N/A 6350 (3971–14,230) 6488 (3122−19,392) 0.736
CRRT modality     0.700
 CVVHD, % 84 89 88  
 CVVHDF, % 16 11 12  
Main parameters in CRRT, mean ± SD     
 Blood flow, ml/min 162 ± 21.6 151 ± 12.1 150 ± 10.4 < 0.001
 Dialysate flow, ml/h 1954 ± 508 2358 ± 498 2309 ± 442 < 0.001
 Replacement flow,‡ ml/h 1025 ± 410 1057 ± 351 880 ± 243 0.393
 Filtration fraction,‡ % 10.6 ± 6.45 21.7 ± 9.60 17.5 ± 4.95 0.010
Catheter location     0.007
 Right internal jugular vein, % 42 47 56  
 Left internal jugular vein, % 22 6 4  
 Femoral vein, % 36 47 40  
 Non-tunneled catheter, % 98 100 98 0.661
Subcutaneous heparin for VTE prophylaxis, % 58 84 35 < 0.001
Target citrate concentration     < 0.001
 2–3 mmol/L, % 96 17 6  
 4–5 mmol/L, % 4 83 94  
Mean post-filter ionized Ca,e mg/dL§, median (IQR) 1.36 (1.19–1.48) 1.06 (0.91–1.23) 1.06 (0.94–1.18) < 0.001
Mean post-filter ionized Ca < 1.0,e % 12 36 35 0.017
Mean post-filter ionized Ca < 1.4,e % 61 91 96 < 0.001
  1. COV− , not diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019; COV+ , diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019; ACD-A, anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution formula A; UH, unfractionated heparin; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; PaO2/FiO2, arterial oxygen tension/fraction of inspired oxygen; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; SD, standard deviation; CVVHD, continuous venovenous hemodialysis; CVVHDF, continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration; VTE, venous thromboembolism
  2. *At start of CRRT; †Only in patients who presented filter clotting; ‡Only in patients submitted to CVVHDF (n = 30); §Mean of all measurements during CRRT
  3. an = 229; bn = 191; cn = 181; dn = 85; en = 197
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